البيئة والنظام البيئييطلق العلماء ل

البيئة والنظام البيئي

يطلق العلماء لفظ البيئة على مجموع الظروف والعوامل الخارجية التي تعيش فيها الكائنات الحية وتؤثر في العمليات الحيوية التي تقوم بها، ويقصد بالنظام البيئي أية مساحة من الطبيعة وما تحويه من كائنات حية ومواد حية في تفاعلها مع بعضها البعض ومع الظروف البيئية وما تولده من تبادل بين الأجزاء الحية وغير الحية، ومن أمثلة النظم البيئية الغابة والنهر والبحيرة والبحر، وواضح من هذا التعريف أنه يأخذ في الاعتبار كل الكائنات الحية التي يتكون منها المجتمع البيئي ( البدائيات، والطلائعيات والتوالي النباتية والحيوانية) وكذلك كل عناصر البيئة غير الحية (تركيب التربة، الرياح، طول النهار، الرطوبة، التلوث...الخ) ويأخذ الإنسان – كأحد كائنات النظام البيئي – مكانة خاصة نظراً لتطوره الفكري والنفسي، فهو المسيطر- إلى حد ملموس – على النظام البيئي وعلى حسن تصرفه تتوقف المحافظة على النظام البيئي وعدم استنزافه.

خصائص النظام البيئي:- ويتكون كل نظام بيئي مما يأتي:-

كائنات غير حية:- وهي المواد الأساسية غير العضوية والعضوية في البيئة.

كائنات حية:- وتنقسم إلى قسمين رئيسين:-

أ‌. كائنات حية ذاتية التغذية: وهي الكائنات الحية التي تستطيع بناء غذائها بنفسها من مواد غير عضوية بسيطة بوساطة عمليات البناء الضوئي، (النباتات الخضر)، وتعتبر هذه الكائنات المصدر الأساسي والرئيسي لجميع أنواع الكائنات الحية الأخرى بمختلف أنواعها كما تقوم هذه الكائنات باستهلاك كميات كبيرة من ثاني أكسيد الكربون خلال عملية التركيب الضوئي وتقوم بإخراج الأكسجين في الهواء.

ب‌. كائنات حية غير ذاتية التغذية:- وهي الكائنات الحية التي لا تستطيع تكوين غذائها بنفسها وتضم الكائنات المستهلكة والكائنات المحللة، فآكلات الحشائش مثل الحشرات التي تتغذى على الأعشاب كائنات مستهلكة تعتمد على ما صنعه النبات وتحوله في أجسامها إلى مواد مختلفة تبني بها أنسجتها وأجسامها، وتسمى مثل هذه الكائنات المستهلك الأول لأنها تعتم مباشرة على النبات، والحيوانات التي تتغذى على هذه الحشرات كائنات مستهلكة أيضاً ولكنها تسمى "المستهلك الثاني" لأنها تعتمد على المواد الغذائية المكونة لأجسام الحشرات والتي نشأت بدورها من أصل نباتي، أما الكائنات المحللة فهي تعتمد في التغذية غير الذاتية على تفكك بقايا الكائنات النباتية والحيوانية وتحولها إلى مركبات بسيطة تستفيد منها النباتات ومن أمثلتها البكتيريا الفطريات وبعض الكائنات المترممة.

الإنسان ودوره في البيئة

يعتبر الإنسان أهم عامر حيوي في إحداث التغيير البيئي والإخلال الطبيعي البيولوجي، فمنذ وجوده وهو يتعامل مع مكونات البيئة، وكلما توالت الأعوام ازداد تحكماً وسلطاناً في البيئة، وخاصة بعد أن يسر له التقدم العلمي والتكنولوجي مزيداً من فرص إحداث التغير في البيئة وفقاً لازدياد حاجته إلى الغذاء والكساء.

وهكذا قطع الإنسان أشجار الغابات وحول أرضها إلى مزارع ومصانع ومساكن، وأفرط في استهلاك المراعي بالرعي المكثف، ولجأ إلى استخدام الأسمدة الكيمائية والمبيدات بمختلف أنواعها، وهذه كلها عوامل فعالة في الإخلال بتوازن النظم البيئية، ينعكس أثرها في نهاية المطاف على حياة الإنسان كما يتضح مما يلي:-

- الغابات: الغابة نظام بيئي شديد الصلة بالإنسان، وتشمل الغابات ما يقرب 28% من القارات ولذلك فإن تدهورها أو إزالتها يحدث انعكاسات خطيرة في النظام البيئي وخصوصاً في التوازن المطلوب بين نسبتي الأكسجين وثاني أكسيد الكربون في الهواء.

- المراعي: يؤدي الاستخدام السيئ للمراعي إلى تدهور النبات الطبيعي، الذي يرافقه تدهور في التربة والمناخ، فإذا تتابع التدهور تعرت التربة وأصبحت عرضة للانجراف.

- النظم الزراعية والزراعة غير المتوازنة: قام الإنسان بتحويل الغابات الطبيعية إلى أراض زراعية فاستعاض عن النظم البيئية الطبيعية بأجهزة اصطناعية، واستعاض عن السلاسل الغذائية وعن العلاقات المتبادلة بين الكائنات والمواد المميزة للنظم البيئية بنمط آخر من العلاقات بين المحصول المزروع والبيئة المحيطة به، فاستخدم الأسمدة والمبيدات الحشرية للوصول إلى هذا الهدف، وأكبر خطأ ارتكبه الإنسان في تفهمه لاستثمار الأرض زراعياً هو اعتقاده بأنه يستطيع استبدال العلاقات الطبيعية المعقدة الموجودة بين العوامل البيئية النباتات بعوامل اصطناعية مبسطة، فعارض بذلك القوانين المنظمة للطبيعة، وهذا ما جعل النظم الزراعية مرهقة وسريعة العطب.

- النباتات والحيوانات البرية: أدى تدهور الغطاء النباتي والصيد غير المنتظم إلى تعرض عدد كبير من النباتات والحيوانات البرية إلى الانقراض، فأخل بالتوازن البيئية.

أثر التصنيع والتكنولوجيا الحديثة على البيئة

إن للتصنيع والتكنولوجيا الحديثة آثاراً سيئة في البيئة، فانطلاق الأبخرة والغازات وإلقاء النفايات أدى إلى اضطراب السلاسل الغذائية، وانعكس ذلك على الإنسان الذي أفسدت الصناعة بيئته وجعلتها في بعض الأحيان غير ملائمة لحياته كما يتضح مما يلي:-

- تلويث المحيط المائي: إن للنظم البيئية المائية علاقات مباشرة وغير مباشرة بحياة الإنسان، فمياهها التي تتبخر تسقط في شكل أمطار ضرورية للحياة على اليابسة، ومدخراتها من المادة الحية النباتية والحيوانية تعتبر مدخرات غذائية للإنسانية جمعاء في المستقبل، كما أن ثرواتها المعدنية ذات أهمية بالغة.

- تلوث الجو: تتعدد مصادر تلوث الجو، ويمكن القول أنها تشمل المصانع ووسائل النقل والانفجارات الذرية والفضلات المشعة، كما تتعدد هذه المصادر وتزداد أعدادها يوماً بعد يوم، ومن أمثلتها الكلور، أول ثاني أكسيد الكربون، ثاني أكسيد الكبريت، أكسيد النيتروجين، أملاح الحديد والزنك والرصاص وبعض المركبات العضوية والعناصر المشعة. وإذا زادت نسبة هذه الملوثات عن حد معين في الجو أصبح لها تأثيرات واضحة على الإنسان وعلى كائنات البيئة.

- تلوث التربة: تتلوث التربة نتيجة استعمال المبيدات المتنوعة والأسمدة وإلقاء الفضلات الصناعية، وينعكس ذلك على الكائنات الحية في التربة، وبالتالي على خصوبتها وعلى النبات والحيوان، مما ينعكس أثره على الإنسان في نهاية المطاف.



الإنسان في مواجهة التحديات البيئية

الإنسان أحد الكائنات الحية التي تعيش على الأرض، وهو يحتاج إلى أكسجين لتنفسه للقيام بعملياته الحيوية، وكما يحتاج إلى مورد مستمر من الطاقة التي يستخلصها من غذائه العضوي الذي لا يستطيع الحصول عليه إلا من كائنات حية أخرى نباتية وحيوانية، ويحتاج أيضاً إلى الماء الصالح للشرب لجزء هام يمكنه من الاتسمرار في الحياة.

وتعتمد استمرارية حياته بصورة واضحة على إيجاد حلول عاجلة للعديد من

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 1:

Environment and ecosystemThe term environmental scientists called the total circumstances and external factors that are living organisms and affect vital processes, and ecosystem means any space of nature and its living organisms and materials in their interactions with each other and with environmental conditions and the exchange between living and non-living parts, examples of ecosystems of the forest and river, Lake and sea, it is clear from this definition that takes into account all the organisms that make up the environmental community (the primitive, waltalaeaiat and respectively plant And animal) as well as all the non-living components of the environment (soil, wind, day length, humidity, pollution ... Etc) and takes an object as a human ecosystem – a special place because of the intellectual and psychological development, is dominant-considerably – on the ecosystem and on good behavior stopped maintaining the ecosystem and not drained.Ecosystem properties:-each ecosystem:.Inanimate objects:-the basic material of inorganic and organic environment. Organisms:-divided into two parts:- N. Self feeding organisms: organisms that can build their own from inorganic materials simple mediation processes, photosynthesis (green plants), these objects are considered primary source and all kinds of other organisms of all kinds these objects with the consumption of large amounts of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and directed by oxygen in the air.B. Non-Autonomous organisms:-the organisms that can not configure their own consumer objects includes objects analysed, weed eaters, such as insects that feed on herbs consumers depend on workmanship and transformation in plant morphology to various articles adopted by their tissues and objects, such objects are called consumers first because they depend directly on plants and animals that feed on these insects but also consumers called "consumer second" because they depend on food consisting of bodies of insects, which in turn arose from Plant origin, either the objects analysed it relies on non-feeding on the disintegration of the remains of plant and animal organisms into simple compounds benefit plants such as bacteria, fungi and some objects almtrmmh.And role in the environmentHuman is the most vital change Amer environmental and natural biodiversity, since it is dealing with the environmental components, the more control and increased years rolled over in the environment, especially after that pleases him scientific and technological progress and more opportunities for change in the environment according to the increasing need for food and clothing.Thus, human parts and forest trees on their land to farms, factories and residences, and overexpose pasture intensive grazing by consumption, and resorted to using chemical fertilizers and pesticides of various kinds, and these are all effective in disrupting the balance of ecosystems, reflected an impact ultimately on human life as follows:--Forests: forest ecosystem is highly relevant to human and forest cover approximately 28% of the continent therefore deterioration or remove occurs serious repercussions on the ecosystem, especially in the required balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air. -The pastures: the bad use of rangeland degradation of natural vegetation, accompanied by deterioration in soil and climate, if you follow the Bared the soil degradation and become prone to drift.-Agricultural and agricultural systems unbalanced: the human natural forest conversion to agricultural land, natural ecosystems replaced by artificial organs, and replacing the food chains and interrelationships between objects and materials characteristic of ecosystems with another style of relationships between crop grown and the surrounding environment, use fertilizers and pesticides to reach this goal, the biggest fault in human understanding of the investment of agricultural land is his belief that he can replace complex natural relations between environmental factors plants artificial factors are streamlined, so opposed laws Of nature, and this made farming systems cumbersome and perishable.-Flora and fauna: deterioration of vegetation and irregular fishing to many wild plants and animals to extinction, in breach of environmental balance.The impact of industrialization and modern technology environmentThe industrialization and modern technology in environmental effects, vapors and gases starting dumping led to the disturbance of food chains, and reflected on the man who bedeviled the industry environment and sometimes unsuitable for life as follows:--Hydrosphere contamination: aquatic ecosystems and indirect relations of human life, the waters evaporate in the form of rain necessary for life on land, and savings from living matter are animal and plant food savings of humanity in the future, and the mineral wealth of crucial importance.-Air pollution: air pollution sources are numerous and arguably include factories, transport and Atomic explosions and radioactive waste, as these sources are numerous and increasingly set up day after day, for example, the first carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, salts of iron, zinc, lead and some organic compounds and radioactive elements. If the percentage of a certain pollutants in the air became clear effects on man and environment objects.Soil pollution: soil contaminated as a result of the use of various pesticides and fertilizers and the dumping of industrial waste, and reflected on the organisms in the soil, and thus on soil fertility and plant and animal, which reflected its impact on human beings in the end.Human environmental challengesHuman organisms that live on the ground, and needed oxygen for breathing to do dynamic operations, it also needs to be an ongoing resource of energy drawn from organic food cannot get it only from other living organisms, plant and animal needs also to drinking water is an important part of life can alatsmrar.His continuity depends on finding urgent solutions to many

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 2:

The environment and the ecosystem called scientists term the environment on the total circumstances and external factors which living organisms and affect the vital operations of, and are intended ecosystem any area of the nature and content of the living organisms and materials in their interaction with each other and with environmental conditions and generated from exchange between live parts and non-living, and examples of the forest ecosystems and the river and the lake and the sea, and clear from this definition that takes into account all the organisms that make up the environmental community (primates, and protists, plant and animal, respectively) as well as all elements of the environment non-living (soil structure, wind, the length of the day, humidity, pollution etc ...) and takes rights - as one of the eco-system objects - a special place because of the evolution of the intellectual and psychological, is Ctr- to a significant extent - on the ecosystem and the proper disposal cease to maintain the eco-system and not drained. properties ecosystem: - and every ecosystem consists of the following: - objects is live: - a basic inorganic and organic in the environment. organisms: - is divided into two main sections: - a. Organisms self-feeding: It is organisms that can build their own food from inorganic materials simple mediated photosynthesis processes, (plant vegetables), and is considered the primary and main source of all kinds of other organisms of various kinds of these objects as you these organisms to consume large amounts of carbon carbon dioxide through photosynthesis process and you eject the oxygen in the air. b. Living beings is self-feeding: - an organism that can not configure their own food and includes consumer objects and objects analyst, Vaclat weeds such as insects that feed on herbs consumer objects depend on what made ​​the plant and its transformation in their bodies to the different materials build your tissues and their bodies, and called such These objects first consumer because it depends directly on the plant, and animals that feed on these organisms consuming insects also, but called "second consumer" because it depends on the food component of the bodies of insects, which originated in turn of plant origin, the analyst objects they rely on non-self-feeding the disintegration of the remnants of organisms, plant and animal transformation into simple compounds benefit the plants. Examples include bacteria, fungi, and some saprophytic organisms. man and his role in the environment is a human important Amer vital in bringing about environmental change and breach of natural biodiversity, since his presence, which deals with the components of the environment, the more successive years increased control and authority in the environment, especially after that pleased him scientific and technological progress more opportunities to make a change in the environment and in accordance with the increasing need for food and clothing. Thus human deforestation and around the home to farms, factories, homes, and over-grazing consumption grazing intensive, and resorted to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides of various kinds, and these are all effective factors in the unbalance ecosystems, reflected the impact in the end to human life as evidenced by the following: - - Forests: the forest ecosystem is strongly related to humans, and include forests nearly 28% of the continents, therefore, degradation or removed happening serious repercussions in the ecosystem, especially in the desired between the ratios of oxygen and carbon balance of carbon dioxide in the air. - Grazing: misuse of rangelands leads to the natural plant, which is accompanied by a deterioration in the soil and climate deterioration, if the sequence deterioration of soil bared and become vulnerable to erosion. - Systems Agricultural, farming is balanced: the rights to convert natural forests into agricultural land replacing the natural ecosystems artificial devices, and replaced the food chains and interrelationships between organisms and distinctive materials ecosystems another pattern of relations between the crop grown and the surrounding environment, use of fertilizers and pesticides to reach to this end, and the biggest mistake rights committed in the understanding of the investment land farming is a belief that he can replace the complex natural relations that exist between environmental factors plants factors artificial simplified, opposed the so Organization laws of nature, which has made ​​the cumbersome and perishable agricultural systems. - wild flora and fauna: led vegetation and fishing is the systematic deterioration to the exposure of a large number of wild plants and animals to extinction, Vokhal environmental balance. the impact of industrialization and modern technology on the environment that the manufacturing and modern technology bad effects on the environment, Vantlaq vapors, gases and waste dumping led to food chains disorder, and reflected the man who ruined the industry environment and made ​​it sometimes inappropriate for his life as evidenced by the following: - - polluting the water Ocean: The aquatic ecosystems directly and indirectly, the lives of human relations, Femiahaa which evaporate fall in the form of rain essential for life on land, and savings from Article plant and animal live is a savings food for all mankind in the future, and the mineral wealth of the utmost importance. - Air pollution: There are several air pollution sources, and it can be said that they include factories, transportation and atomic explosions and radioactive waste, as multiple sources and increasing their numbers day after day, Examples include chlorine, the first carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, iron, zinc and lead salts and some organic compounds and radioactive elements. If the proportion of these pollutants in excess of a certain limit in the atmosphere now has clear effects on humans and the environment objects. - Soil contamination: contaminated soil as a result of the use of various fertilizers pesticides and the dumping of industrial waste, and reflected on living organisms in the soil, and thus their fertility and the plants and animals, which will reflect its impact on the human in the end. man in the face of environmental challenges human One organisms that live on the ground, and he needs to oxygen for breathing to carry out vital to its operations, and also needs to be an ongoing resource of energy that draws from organic nutrition who can not get it unless from other organisms plant and animal, and also needs to drinking water for a significant part of Alazmrar can in life. The continuity of life depends clearly on finding urgent solutions to many

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 3:

Environment and ecosystem

Scientists called the term environment conditions and external factors on the total living organisms and affect biological processes and the environmental system of any size. The nature and content of the organisms and live in their interaction.Each other and to environmental conditions and generate exchange between the living and non living parts, such ecosystems, forest, river and lake, sea, it is clear from this definition. It takes into account all the living things upEIA (Waltlayyat Monera, plant and animal Waltwaly) and non living components of the environment (wind, soil texture, length of day, humidity, pollution.Etc.) and take the human as an environmental system objects, given its very high intellectual, psychological, is the dominant system significantly. The environment and its dependent ecosystem preservation and general exhaustion.

characteristics of ecosystemEach ecosystem. The result in the following: -

non living objects, - base materials are inorganic and organic environment.

- beings are divided into two facets: -

a. Self feeding of organisms.An organism that can build their own food from simple organic material that is mediated by the processes of photosynthesis, green plants, objects are the primary source of and all kinds of other organisms of all kindsThese objects consume large amounts of CO2 during photosynthesis and remove the oxygen in the air.

B. Living organisms are self feeding.An organism that cannot form their own food comprising consuming organisms and analysed, Faklat insect that feeds on grass like weeds depends on consuming objects what is created by the plant and turn it into their bodies to the material.A plant tissue or bodies, such organisms are called the consumer because they count first directly on the plants and animals that feed on insects, but objects are also called "the consumer of second" because it relies on foodThings of insects, which in turn originated from plant origin, and the objects analyzed endogenous nutrition is based on decomposition of plant and animal remains of organisms into simple compounds use of plants such as bacteria.Some of the objects Almtrmmt.

the human role in the environment!Human is the most important Amer vital environmental change and natural biodiversity, since while it deals with the components of the environment, and the successive years grown under control in the Wsltanaan the environment, particularly pleased that his scientific progressMore opportunities to make a difference in the environment according to the growing need for food and clothing.

Thus human cutting forest trees on their farms and factories, Wafrt consumption intensive grazing pasture, resorting to the use of various types of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and these factors are all effective in disrupting the balance of systemsEventually to be reflected in the human life, as is clear from the following:

- forest.The forest ecosystem is strongly related to human beings, including forests, nearly 28% continents, therefore, degradation or removal occurs serious repercussions in the ecosystem, especially in the balance between the ratios of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air.

Range: leads the bad use of rangeland degradation of natural vegetation, which is accompanied by a deterioration in soil and climate, if the relay bared soil degradation and become vulnerable to erosion.

- farming systems, agriculture is not balanced.Human natural forest conversion into agricultural land by replacing natural ecosystems, and replaced with artificial food chains and the mutual relations between the objects and characteristics of materials the pattern of environmentalAmong the crop grown and the surrounding environment, the use of fertilizers and pesticides to reach this goal, the largest fault in human understanding of the investment of agricultural land is the belief that can replace the complex natural relationsAmong the environmental factors, plant artificial factors are simplified, opposed the laws of nature, the organization that made farming systems cumbersome and malfunctions.

- flora and fauna, led to the degradation of vegetation and of exposure of a large number of wild plants and animals to extinction, vokhal environmental balance environmental impact of industrialization and modern technology



The manufacturing environment and the adverse effects of modern technology, vantlaq vapors and gases, waste disposal has led to the disruption of food chains, and reflected on the human environment, which has bedeviled the industry and sometimes inappropriate.As can be seen from the following:

- contamination of ocean water.The ecosystem water relations directly and indirectly to human life, femiahaa which evaporate down as rain is essential for life on land, and savings of the living material of plant and savings are food for all mankindThe mineral wealth of the utmost importance.

- air pollution:There are many sources of air pollution, can be said to include factories, transport, and atomic explosions, radioactive waste, as many of these sources and increasing their numbers by the day, and the first instance chlorine, dioxide, dioxideNitrogen oxide, iron salts, zinc, lead, and certain organic compounds and radioactive elements.If a certain proportion of these pollutants in the atmosphere has become clear effects on humans and objects of the environment.

- soil contamination:Contamination of soil by the use of various pesticides and fertilizers and dumping of industrial waste, and it affects the living organisms in the soil, and hence on fertility in plants and animals, which reflects its impact on rights in the end.



In the face of environmental challenges

One of the living beings on the earth, which needs oxygen to breath out its vital, as the need for a continuous supply of power draw from the organic food, which can not be obtained only from other living organisms.And animal species, and also needs to clean drinking water for an important part Alatsmrar can in life.

and the continuity of life depends clearly on the urgent solutions to many of the