اوبن مايند

اوبن مايند

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 1:

Open mind

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 3:

8. ConclusionIn conclusion, BPSD are a core symptom of dementia inAddition to cognitive decline and impaired activities of dailyLiving, and are extensively studied in MCI and AD patients inThe general population. Despite the extremely high risk toDevelop AD and the lack of early (bio) markers with limitedInvasiveness to predict the onset of AD in DS, most dementiaResearch in the DS population did not comprehensively assessBPSD. The great variety of cohorts, diagnostic methodologiesCovariates and outcome measures that have been used in theAvailable BPSD studies in DS yielded diverse results and madeComparisons generally hard to accomplish. Due to the multitudeOf applied, sub-optimal scales, it is questionable whetherBPSD have always been accurately assessed, for instanceRegarding the differential diagnosis between apathy andDepression. Inter-study comparisons are additionallyComplicated by the fact that control groups varied betweenThese studies, from non-demented DS individuals and intellectuallyDisabled persons with other aetiologies, to AD patientsIn the general population.Various BPSD appear to be altered in demented DS individualsBut study results have not always been consistent.Based on the existing literature, Fig. 1 summarized the temporalRelationship between BPSD and the clinical diagnosis ofAD. From childhood to adulthood, externalizing behaviourLikely decreases and internalizing behaviour increases. FrontalLobe symptoms have been suggested as early signs of AD inDS. Indeed, disinhibition and apathy, as well as executiveDysfunction, seem to be omnipresent in the prodromal phaseWhereas reports are still too divergent to assume that this isAlso true for depression. Regarding activity disturbancesVarious studies indicated decreasing hyperactivity levels towardsAdulthood in DS. Excessive activity in demented DSIndividuals would thus be a fairly easy observable sign.However, general slowness in this group has been reported asWell. In addition, the presence of apathy itself might causeReduced activity. Agitation appears to be more prevalent inDemented than in non-demented DS individuals, but reportsOn aggression are inconsistent, though aggression seems to beReduced in the overall DS population. Sleep disturbances areMarkedly present in both demented and non-demented DSIndividuals. Although sleep disorders may not yet differentiateBetween those with and without AD, they are importantTo consider as such sleep disorders may aggravate cognitiveDecline and BPSD. Next, a higher prevalence of psychoticSymptoms (delusions and hallucinations) is likely observed inDS persons with dementia than among those without dementia.Finally, anxiety and phobias, appetite and eating abnormalitiesAnd euphoria have been hardly studied in DS andDS þ AD.Taken together, the need for a validated and comprehensiveEvaluation scale for BPSD in DS is evident. The LimitedCurrent understanding and the vast amount of (inconsistent)Reports discussed in this review illustrate the vital importance