المكافحه البيولوجية للحشراتتعريف ال

المكافحه البيولوجية للحشرات
تعريف المكافحه البيولوجيه من وجهة المفهوم الايكولوجى:As a natural phenomenon:
بأنه هو الدور الذى تلعبه المفترسات والطفيليات ومسببات الامراض الحشرية فى خفض اعداد نوع ما من الحشرات عن الحد الذى يمكن ان يكون عليه فى حاله غيابها كلها او احد منها، اى الدور الذى تقوم به هذه الاعداء الطبيعية "طبيعيا" ودون تدخل الانسان (De Bach 1964)
تعريف المكافحه البيولوجية من وجهة النشاط الانسانى والتطبيقى:
بأنه استخدام المفترسات والطفيليات او ممرضات الحشرات فى خفض أعداد الحشرات عن الحد الذى يسبب ضرراً أقتصاديا (De Bach 1973)
هذا ويمكن استخدام الاعداء الطبيعية للحشرات بمفردها بنجاح فى حالات خاصة فى خفض اعداد اّفة ما عن الحد الذى يسبب ضررا " اقتصاديا"، وفى حالات اخرى لا تكفى المكافحه البيولوجية وحدها كطريقة لمكافحه اّفة ما وفى هذه الحالة يحتاج الامر الى وضع برنامج متكامل.
اهم مميزات المكافحة البيولوجية:
1- اقل تكلفة.
2- اكثر اماناً حيث انها كائنات طبيعية ليس لها خطورة على الاطلاق.
3- اكثر دواماً واستقرارا فى النظام البيئى مالم تستخدم المبيدات الحشرية.
4- ايسر استخداما حيث لا تستخدم معدات وغيرها.

اهم عناصر المكافحة البيولوجية :Biological control agents :
تتكون من ثلات مجموعات رئيسية هى:
1- المفترسات Predators
2- الطفيليات Parasitoids
3- الكائنات الدقيقة الممرضة للحشرات Entomopathogenic micro organisms
أ‌- البكتيريا الممرضة للحشرات Bacteria
ب‌- الفيروسات الممرضة للحشرات Virus
ج‌- الفطريات الممرضة للحشرات Fungi
د- البروتوزوا الممرضة للحشرات Protozoa
4- النيماتودا الممرضة للحشرات Nematodes
اهم استخدامات المكافحه البيولوجية:
1- - المحافظة على الاعداء الطبيعية الموجودة بالبيئية.
2- زيادة الاعداء الطبيعية من خلال نظام الاطلاق الدورى والمكثف .
3- استيراد بعض الاعداء الطبيعية الملائمة لظروفنا البيئية واكثارها واطلاقها وذلك فى حاله لزوم الامر لذلك.


الدراسات اللازمة لاى برنامج مكافحة بيولوجية:
1- عمل تربية Insectary stock (mass production) للاعداد الطبيعية.
2- التكثيف colonization( Release) تحت انسب الظروف البيئية.
3- عمل Recovery attempts دراسات للتاكد من نجاح المكافحه.
اهم مميزات المكافحة البيولوجية:
- اقل تكلفة.
- اكثر اماناً حيث انها كائنات طبيعية ليس لها خطورة على الاطلاق.
- اكثر دواماً واستقرارا فى النظام البيئى مالم تستخدم المبيدات الحشرية.
- ايسر استخداما حيث لا تستخدم معدات وغيرها.
- آمنة, لا تضر بالإنسان والبيئة مستديمة, حيث تتكاثر أعدادها طبيعياً.
- اقتصادية, رخيصة التكاليف مقارنة بطرق المكافحة الأخرى.
- سهلة التطبيق ولا تحتاج إلي أيدي عاملة كثيرة.
دراسة على هلزينوس الزيتون Hylesinus olieperda F.(Scolytidae. Col.):
حسين قطلبي – أسبوع العلم السادس 1967:
لحشرة هلزينوس الزيتون H.Olieperda F. جيل واحد في السنة وتقضي فترة البيات الشتوي بطور اليرقة (العمر الأخير). تنشط اليرقات في حوالي منتصف آذار لتتغذى لفترة قصيرة ثم تحفر حجرة التعذير في نهاية النفق وتعذر بداخله في حوالي 25 نيسان ومدة طور العذراء حوالي 20 يوم تخرج بعده الحشرة الكاملة في أواخر أيار ويستمر خروج الحشرات الكاملة حتى تموز. تحفر الإناث حجرة التزاوج وبعد التزاوج تحفر نفقين متعاكسين وتضع في كل نفق 2-8 بيضات في كلا الاتجاهين. ومدة حضانة البيضة حوالي أسبوع وتحفر اليرقات الفاقسة أنفاقاً بين القلف والخشب متعرجة وتتقاطع أحياناً. يتطفل على هلزينوس الزيتون نوعان من رتبة غشائية الأجنحة وإحداهما عرفناه ويدعى Cheropaches sp. .
أما الثاني فلم يتم تحديده بعد وقد وصلت نسبة التطفل في دوما عام 1967 إلى 51.3 %.
دراسات بيئية على ذبابة ثمار الزيتون في الساحل السوري :Dacus oleae G.(Trypetidae, Diptera):
لذبابة ثمار الزيتون في الساحل السوري أربعة أجيال يبدأ الأول في حزيران والثاني في أواخر تموز والثالث في أيلول والرابع من تشرين الثاني وهناك احتمال وجود جيل خامس في كانون الأول حيث تقضي الذبابات الخارجة من هذا الجيل البيات الشتوي, وأحياناً نجدها في طور العذراء حتى نيسان. تقضي ذبابة ثمار الزيتون الجيل الأول على الأصناف المبكرة مثل الدرملالي والصفراوي أما في بقية الأجيال فتهاجم كلاً من الأصناف المبكرة والمتأخرة (الخضيري) معاً. تصل نسبة الإصابة بذبابة الثمار إلى الذروة في تشرين الأول ووصلت إلى 100% عام 1966 حيث تصل كثافة الذبابات إلى الذروة في نفس الشهر ووصل متوسط عدد الذبابات في الحقل إلى 83 و 22 ألف ذبابة في عامي 1966 – 1967 على التوالي. بينما كان متوسط عدد الذبابات في أيار 4600 و 633 ذبابة هكتار لنفس الأعوام مما يؤكد أن عدد الذبابات الخارجة من البيات الشتوي ذات أثر كبير على كثافة الحشرة ونسبة الإصابة بعد ذلك. في مجال المكافحة ينصح باستخدام الطعم السام وهو مكون من بروتين هيدروليزيت ومبيد حشري وماء، أما التراكيز فتتوقف على طريقة الرش. أما عدد الرشات فيجب أن لاتقل عن ثلاث رشات.

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 1:

Biological control of insectsDefinition of biological control of his face As a natural ecological concept: phenomenon:That is the role of predators, parasites and pathogens in reducing some kind of insects on the limit that can be in all or one absence, any role played by these natural enemies "naturally" without human intervention (De Bach 1964)Definition of biological control from the point of human activity and applied:That the use of predators and parasites or pathogens of insects in reducing insect numbers reduce that causes economic damage (De Bach, 1973)This can be used as natural enemies of insect alone successfully in special cases in reducing the scourge of the limit that damage it "economically", in other cases not sufficient biological control alone as a way to combat the scourge, and in this case it needs to develop an integrated programme.The most important advantages of biological control:1. less expensive.2. the safer natural objects as they have no gravity at all.3. more durable and stable in the ecosystem unless used pesticides.4. friendly so don't use other equipment.The most important elements of biological control: Biological control agents:Consists of three main groups:1. Predators-predators2. parasites, Parasitoids3. micro-organisms pathogenic to insects Entomopathogenic micro organismsInsect pathogenic bacteria-BacteriaB viruses pathogenic to insects, VirusC-fungi pathogenic to insects, FungiD-Protozoa pathogenic to insects, Protozoa4. contain insect pathogenic NematodesThe most important uses of biological control:1-to maintain the natural enemies.2. increase natural enemies through periodic and intensive launch system.3. import some natural enemies of environmental conditions and appropriate propagation and release if need it.Necessary studies for any biological control program:1. the Insectary rearing stock (mass production) of natural numbers.2. condensation colonization (Release) under appropriate environmental conditions.3. the Recovery attempts to ensure successful studies.The most important advantages of biological control:-Less expensive.-Safer where she has no serious natural objects at all.-More durable and stable in the ecosystem unless used pesticides.-Friendly so don't use other equipment.-Safe, do not harm human and environmental sustainability, where it multiplies prepared physically. -Economical, inexpensive compared to other control methods.-Easy application and does not need many hands.Study on helzinos F. olieperda (Hylesinus olive Scolytidae. Col.):Hossein ktalbi-week science vi 1967:For a bug helzinos H.Olieperda olive F. one generation per year and spend a period of hibernation phase grub (age). Larvae are active in about the middle of March to feed for a short period and then digs altazeir room at the end of the tunnel and be inside in about April 25 and a Virgin developed about 20 days after full insect graduated in late May and lasts the full insect exit until July. The female digs a mating Chamber after mating opposite tunnels and digs into each tunnel 2-8 eggs in both directions. And egg incubation period about a week and the larvae burrow tunnels between alkulov and broodstock conditioning wood herringbone and sometimes intersect. Intrudes on olive helzinos are two rank membrane wings and one we knew and named Cheropaches sp..The second is not selected after having always snooping reached 1967 to 51.3%.Environmental studies on olive fruit fly in the Syrian coast acus:D G. oleae (Trypetidae, Diptera):For olive fruit fly in the Syrian coast four generations first starts in June and the second in late July and September 3rd and 4th of November there is the possibility of a fifth generation in December where the flies emerging from this generation hibernation, sometimes found in Virgin developed until April. Olive fruit fly provides first generation on early varieties such as aldermlali and in the rest of the biliary generations attacking both early and late varieties (khudayri) together. The incidence of fruit fly up to the peak in October and reached 100% in 1966, where the density of flies to a peak in the same month, the average number of flies in the field to 83 and 22 thousand fly in 1966 – 1967, respectively. While the average number of flies in May and 4600 633 hectares to fly the same years which confirms that the number of flies emerging from hibernation with a significant impact on the incidence of insect density. Control is recommended using baits and is a component of protein hidrolisit and pesticide and water, concentrations are dependent on spraying method. The number of sprinkles, it should at least three sprayings.

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 2:

Biological control of insects
definition of biological control from the point of conception ecological: As a natural phenomenon:
that is the role played by predators, parasites and pathogens insecticides in reducing the number of some kind of insect limit who can have it in the case of all of its absence or one of them, any role played by these natural enemies "natural" and without human intervention (De Bach 1964)
definition of biological control from the standpoint of human activity and practical:
that the use of predators and parasites or pathogens of insects in reducing the numbers of insects limit that causes economic damage (De Bach 1973)
this can the use of natural enemies of insects alone successfully in special cases in reducing the number of pest reduction , which cause an "economic" damage, and in other cases not enough biological control alone as a way to combat the scourge of what in this case needs to develop an integrated program.
The most important characteristics of biological control:
1. less expensive.
2. safer where it 's natural objects have no gravity at all.
3. more durable and stable in the ecosystem , unless use of pesticides.
4. Acer commonly used terms do not use the equipment , and others.

The most important elements of the biological control: Biological control agents:
consisting of Thelat main groups:
1. predators , Predators
2- parasites Parasitoids
3- microorganisms pathogenic to insects Entomopathogenic micro organisms
A. pathogenic bacteria to insects Bacteria
B viruses entomopathogenic Virus
C pathogenic fungi to insects Fungi
d protozoa entomopathogenic protozoa
4- nematodes entomopathogenic nematodes
most important uses biological control:
1. - conservation of natural enemies in with environment.
2. Increased natural enemies during launch regular and intensive system.
3. Import some appropriate natural enemies environmental circumstances and propagate them and launch in case it unnecessary to do so.


Necessary for any anti - biological studies program:
1. Breeding work Insectary stock (mass production) natural setting.
2. Condensation colonization (Release) under the most favorable environmental conditions.
3. Action Recovery attempts studies to make sure the success of the fight.
The most important characteristics of biological control:
- lower cost.
- Where it 's safer natural objects have no gravity at all.
- More durable and stable in the ecosystem , unless use of pesticides.
- Acer commonly used terms do not use the equipment , and others.
- Safe, no harm to humans and the environment permanently, where they multiply their numbers naturally.
- Economic, inexpensive compared to other methods of control.
- Easy to implement and do not require many working hands.
Study on Hlzinos olive Hylesinus olieperda F. (Scolytidae. Col.) :
Hussein Qtalba - Sixth Science Week 1967: The
insect Hlzinos olive H.Olieperda F. one generation per year and spend a period of overwintering larva phase ( the last age). The larvae are active in about mid - March to feed for a short period and then dig Altaazir room at the end of the tunnel and can not be inside in about April 25 and the duration of the pupal stage about 20 days after the adult insect graduated in late May and continues full of insects out until July. Digs female mating chamber and after mating dig tunnels directions and put in the tunnel every 2-8 eggs in both directions. The egg incubation period of about a week and hatched larvae burrow tunnels between the bark and wood tortuous and sometimes intersect. Anonymous Hlzinos olives are two types of rank Hymenoptera and one we knew and called Cheropaches sp. .
The second has not been identified and has reached the proportion of parasitism in Douma in 1967 to 51.3%.
Environmental studies on the olive fruit fly in the Syrian coast: Dacus oleae G. (Trypetidae, Diptera ):
fly olives on the Syrian coast , four generations first starts in June and the second in late July and the third in September and the fourth of November , and there is a possibility of a fifth generation in December where I spend the flies emerging from this generation overwintering, and sometimes we find in the pupal stage until April. Under olive fruit fly on the first generation of early varieties such as Aldramlala and biliary In the rest of generations Vthajm both early and late varieties (Khudairy) together. Up infection rate Bzbabh fruits to the peak in October and it reached 100% in 1966, reaching a peak density of flies in the same month , and the average number of flies in the field to 83 and 22 thousand a fly in the years 1966 to 1967 respectively. While the average number of flies in May 4600 and 633 fly hectares for the same years , which confirms that the number of flies emerging from overwintering significant impact on the intensity and incidence of insect afterwards. In the field of control are advised to use baits a component of the protein Hedroleezzat and insecticide and water, and the concentrations depend on the method of spraying. The number of sprays should not be less than three workshops.

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 3:

Almkafhh biological insecticideControl definition, and we have a biological Alaykwlwjy concept: As a natural phenomenon:That is the role which is played by predators, parasites and diseases the etiology of insecticides in reducing the number of species of insects from the point in which it could be in the case of her absence. Or one of them, a role which is played by these natural enemies of the "normal" De Bach without human intervention (1964)The biological control definition and we have from the point of human activity Walttbyqy:As the use of predators, parasites or pathogens of insects in reducing the number of insects on the limit causes damage to economically De Bach (1973)This can be used as natural enemies of the pests themselves successfully in special cases, reducing the number of Aaft threshold which causes damage to the "economic", and others. Biological control is not enough and we have only a way to fight Aaft as in this case, it needs to develop an integrated program.The most important features of biological control.1. Cost less.2. The safer natural objects which it has no risk at all.3. The more durable and stable in the environmental system's use of pesticides.4. The more commonly used with equipment, and others.The most important biological control agents: Biological control agents:Ready to consist of main groups are:1. Predators predators2. Parasitoids parasites.3. The pathogenic microorganism of insect Entomopathogenic micro organismsA pathogenic bacteria of insects Bacteria(b) viruses pathogenic to insects VirusC - the insect pathogenic fungi FungiD - insect pathogenic protozoa Protozoa4. The insect pathogenic nematodes NematodesThe main biological control applications and we have:1. The environmental conservation of natural enemies.2. The increase of natural enemies of the system through all regular and intense.3 - the importation of some natural enemies of the environment appropriate to our circumstances Waktharha launch and in the case of a redundant instruction.The studies required for a biological control program.1. The work of raising Insectary stock (mass production) to produce it.2. The condensation of colonization (Release) under the most favorable environmental conditions.3. The work of the Recovery attempts control studies to ensure the success and we have.The most important features of biological control.Less expensive.The safer natural objects as it has no risk at all.More durable and stable in the environmental system's use of pesticides.The more commonly used with equipment, among others.- safe, sustained, not harm humans and the environment, where there are normal.- economic, low cost compared with other control methods.Easy application and no need to labour.A study on the Hlzynws olive Hylesinus olieperda F. (Scolytidae. Col.)Hussein Qtlby Science Week sixth 1967An olive Hlzynws H.Olieperda F. One generation per year in the hibernation mode grub (age). Larvae are active in about mid March to feed for a short period and then dig Altdhyr compartment at the end of the tunnel inside, and around April 25 and virgin phase of about 20 days. After the whole insect and exit of insects in late May until July. The female digs a mating 2-8 eggs after mating in each tunnel excavating opposite two sets in both directions. About a week and duration of incubation of egg hatched larva digs Anfaqaan collo