استخلاص النفطبصفة عامة فإن المرحلة

استخلاص النفط
بصفة عامة فإن المرحلة الأولى في استخلاص النفط الخام هي حفر بئر ليصل لمستودعات البترول تحت الأرض. وتاريخياً، يوجد بعض أبار البترول في أمريكا وصل النفط فيها للسطح بطريقة طبيعية. ولكن معظم هذه الحقول نفذت، فيما عدا بعض الأماكن المحدودة في ألاسكا. وغالبا ما يتم حفر عديد من الآبار لنفس المستودع، للحصول على معدل استخراج اقتصادي. وفي بعض الآبار يتم ضخ الماء، البخار، مخلوط الغازات المختلفة للمستودع لإبقاء معدلات الاستخراج الاقتصادية مستمرة.
وفي حالة أن الضغط تحت الأرض في مستودع الغاز كافي، عندها سيجبر الزيت على الخروج للسطح تحت تأثير هذا الضغط. الوقود الغازي أو الغاز الطبيعي غالبا ما يكون متواجد، مما يزيد من الضغط الموجود تحت الأرض. وفي هذه الحالة يكون الضغط كافيا لوضع عدد من الصمامات على رأس البئر لتوصيل البئر بشبكة الأنابيب للتخزين، وعمليات التشغيل. ويسمى هذا استخلاص النفط المبدئى. وتقريبا 20% فقط من النفط في المستودع يمكن استخراجه بهذه الطريقة.
وخلال فترة حياة البئر يقل الضغط، وعند حدود معينة لا يكون كافيا لدفع الزيت للسطح. وعندها، لو أن المتبقى قى البئر كافي اقتصاديا، وغالبا ما يكون كذلك، يتم استخراج الزيت المتبقي في البئر بطريقة استخراج الزيت الإضافية. ويتم استخدام تقنيات مختلفة في طريقة استخراج الزيت الإضافية لاستخراج النفط من المستودعات التي نفذ ضغطها أو قل. يستخدم أحيانا الضخ بالطلمبات مثل الطلمبات المستمرة، وطلمبة الأعماق الكهربية (electrical submersible pumps ESPs) لرفع النفط إلى السطح.
وتستخدم تقنية مساعدة لزيادة الضغط المستودع عن طريق حقن الماء، إعادة حقن الغاز الطبيعي، رفع الغاز ، وهذا يقوم بحقن الهواء، ثاني أكسيد الكربون أو غازات أخرى للمستودع. و تعمل الطريقتان معا المبدئيه و الإضافية على إستخراج النفط، ولكن بعد التأكد من جدوى إستخدام هذه الطريقة إقتصاديا، و ما إذا كان النفط الناتج سيغطي تكاليف الإنتاج و الأرباح المتوقعة من البئر.
كما يعتمد أيضا على أسعار البترول وقتها، حيث يتم إعادة تشغيل الآبار التي قد تكون توقفت عن العمل في حالة إرتفاع أسعار النفط. طرق إستخراج النفط المحسن حراريا (Thermally- enhanced oil recovery methods TEOR) هي الطريقة الثالثة في ترتيب إستخراج النفط، و التي تعتمد على تسخين النفط و جعله سهل الإستخراج.
هناك تقنية أخرى و هي الحرق في – الموضع، و فيها يتم إحراق النفط لتسخين النفط المحيط به، و أحيانا يتم إستخدام المنظفات لتقليل كثافة النفط. و يتم إستخراج ما يقارب 5 إلى 15% من النفط في هذه المرحلة.

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 1:

Oil recoveryIn General, the first stage in extracting crude oil is drilling for oil depots to underground. Historically, there is some oil wells in America where oil reached to the surface in a natural way. But most of these fields carried out, except for some limited places in Alaska. Often dig many wells for the same repository, to get an economic extraction rate. In some wells are pumping water, steam, a mixture of different gases to the warehouse to keep continuous economic extraction rates.In the event that an underground gas reservoir pressure enough, then it will force the oil out of the surface under the influence of this pressure. Gaseous fuel or natural gas is often available, thereby increasing the pressure underground. In such a case be sufficient pressure to put a number of valves on top of the well to connect the well to the pipeline network for storage and operations. This is called the initial oil recovery. Almost 20% of oil in the warehouse can be extracted in this way. During the lifetime of the well pressure reduced, when certain limits not be enough to push the oil to the surface. And then, if left in the well enough economically, often, the remaining oil is extracted in a well in a way to extract extra oil. Different techniques are used in additional oil extraction method for extracting oil from warehouses that do compressed or say. Pumping is sometimes used cylinders such as cylinders, pump electrical depths (electrical submersible pumps ESPs) to lift the oil to the surface.Assistive technology is used to increase the pressure reservoir by water injection, natural gas Reinjection and gas lift, this injected air, carbon dioxide or other gases for the repository. And working methods together additional oil extraction and principled, but after confirming the feasibility of using this method, and whether the resulting oil will cover production costs and expected profits from the well. It also depends on oil prices, which are restarting wells that may have stopped working in case of high oil prices. Thermally enhanced oil extraction methods (Thermally-enhanced oil recovery methods TEOR) is the third way in order to extract the oil, and that depend on heating oil, and make it easy for extraction.There is another technique and is burning in-position, and where the oil is burned to heat the oil, and sometimes the detergent is used to reduce the density of the oil. And is approximately 5 to 15% of oil at this point.

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 2:

Oil recovery
Generally, the first stage in the extraction of crude oil is drilled to reach the oil reservoirs underground. Historically, there are some oil wells in America where the oil reached the surface in a natural way. But most of these fields are carried out, with the exception of some limited places in Alaska. And often it is drilled numerous wells for the same warehouse, for economic extraction rate. In some wells are pumping water, steam, a mixture of various gases into the reservoir to maintain an economic extraction rate.
In the case of the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient, then it will force the oil out of the surface under the influence of this pressure. Gaseous fuel or natural gas is often distinguished, which increases the underground pressure. In this case , the pressure will be enough to put a number of valves on the well head to connect the well to a pipeline network for storage, and operations. This is called the initial oil extraction. And only about 20% of the oil in the reservoir can be extracted in this way.
During the life of the well under pressure, and at some point there will be enough to push the oil to the surface. And then, if the remaining Ge well enough economically, and it is often the case, is to extract the remaining oil in the well in a manner of additional oil recovery. They use different techniques in the way of additional oil recovery to extract oil from reservoirs that carried compressed or say. Sometimes it used pumping Baltalmbat such as continuous pumps, and pumps electrical depths (electrical submersible pumps ESPs) to lift the oil to the surface.
The use of technical assistance to increase the pressure reservoir by water injection, natural gas re - injection, gas lift, and which injects air, carbon dioxide or other gases to the warehouse. And methods are working together principled and additional on the extraction of oil, but after confirming the feasibility of using this method is economically, and whether the resulting oil will cover the production costs and expected profits from the well.
It also depends on the oil price at the time, where it is restarting wells you may have stopped working in the case of high oil prices. Methods of extraction of the enhanced oil thermally (Thermally- enhanced oil recovery methods TEOR) is the third way in the ranking of the extraction of oil and oil - based heating and make it easy extraction.
There are other technology and are burning - the place, and where oil is burned for heating oil around him, and sometimes use detergent to reduce the density of oil. And it is extracted approximately 5 to 15% of the oil at this stage.