الآثار طويلة المدى[عدل]أثبتت العديد

الآثار طويلة المدى[عدل]
أثبتت العديد من الأدلة العلمية أن دخان التبغ غير المباشر يؤدي إلى العديد من الأمراض تمامًا مثل التدخين المباشر، بما في ذلك أمراض القلب والجهاز الدوري وسرطان الرئة وأمراض الجهاز التنفسي.[2][3][4] وتشمل هذه الأمراض:
السرطان
بوجه عام: زيادة خطر الإصابة به بشكل عام؛[7] فباستعراض الأدلة المتراكمة على الصعيد العالمي، خلصت الوكالة الدولية لأبحاث السرطان في عام 2004 إلى أن "التدخين اللاإرادي (التعرض لدخان التبغ غير المباشر أو دخان التبغ 'البيئي') يؤدي إلى إصابة الإنسان بالسرطان."[4]
سرطان الرئة: كان اقتران التدخين السلبي بسرطان الرئة موضع دراسة مكثفة. أثبتت سلسلة من الدراسات - أجريت في الولايات المتحدة في الفترة من 1986-2003،[8][9][10][11] وفي المملكة المتحدة في عام 1998،[12][13] وفي أستراليا في عام 1997[14]، إضافة إلى العديد من الدراسات على المستوى الدولي في عام 2004[15] - بالأدلة الدامغة تزايد المخاطرة النسبية بشكل هائل بين من يتعرضون لدخان التبغ السلبي.[16]
سرطان الثدي: خلصت وكالة حماية البيئة بكاليفورنيا في عام 2005 إلى أن التدخين السلبي يزيد من احتمالية التعرض لخطر الإصابة بسرطان الثدي في المقام الأول بين النساء الأصغر سنًا في مرحلة ما قبل أنقطاع الطمث بنسبة 70%[3]، وأعلنت جمعية الجراحين العموميين في الولايات المتحدة أن الدليل مقبول ظاهريًا، لكنه لا يزال غير كاف لتأكيد هذه العلاقة السببية.[2] في المقابل، أعلنت الوكالة الدولية لأبحاث السرطان في عام 2004 عن عدم وجود "ما يدعم وجود علاقة سببية بين التعرض اللاإرادي لدخان التبغ وبين سرطان الثدي الذي يصيب غير المدخنين."[4]
سرطان الخلايا الكلوية: توضح إحدى الدراسات الحديثة تزايد احتمالية التعرض لخطر الإصابة الإصابة بسرطان الخلايا الكلوية بين غير المدخنين الذين يتعرضون للتدخين السلبي في كل من المنزل وأماكن العمل.[17]
لا يبدو أن التدخين السلبي له علاقة بالإصابة بمرض سرطان البنكرياس.[18]
أورام المخ: تتزايد احتمالية التعرض لخطر الإصابة بأورام المخ بصورة هائلة بين الأطفال الذين يتعرضون لمعدلات عالية من التدخين السلبي، حتى لو كانت الأم لا تدخن،[19] لذلك لا تقتصر الخطورة على تعرض الوالدين للدخان في مرحلة الحمل.
أمراض الأنف والأذن والحنجرة: احتمالية تعرض الإذن للإصابة بالعدوى.[20]
أمراض الجهاز الدوري: احتمالية التعرض إلى أمراض القلب،[21] وانخفاض معدل ضربات القلب المتغيرة، وارتفاع معدل ضربات القلب.[22]
أظهرت الدراسات المتعلقة بعلم انتشار الأمراض والأوبئة أن كلاً من التدخين السلبي والإيجابي يزيد من خطر التعرض للإصابة بتصلب الشرايين.[23]
أمراض الرئة:
خطر التعرض للإصابة بمرض الربو.[24]
ضعف الإدراك والعته: قد يؤدي التعرض لدخان التبغ غير المباشر إلى تزايد خطر التعرض للإصابة بضعف الإدراك والعته لدى البالغين من فئة 50 سنة فأكثر.[25]
الحمل والأمراض المشكلات المتعلقة به:
نقص وزن المولود[3]، الجزء (ب)، الفصل الثالث.[26]
ولادة الولادة المبكرة[3]، الجزء (ب)، الفصل الثالث (يُلاحظ أن الدليل على وجود علاقة سببية يوصف بأنه "مقبول ظاهريًا" حسب إعلان جمعية الجراحين العموميين في الولايات المتحدة في تقريره لعام 2006.[27])
مخاطر عامة
تفاقم الربو، وحالات الحساسية، وغيرها من الحالات المرضية.[28]
المخاطر المحدقة بالأطفال:[29]
متلازمة الموت المفاجئ عند الأطفال الرضع.[30][31] في تقريره لعام 2006، تخلص جمعية الجراحين العموميين في الولايات المتحدة إلى: "أن الأدلة كافية لاستنتاج وجود علاقة سببية بين التعرض لدخان التبغ غير المباشر والموت المفاجيء عند الأطفال الرجع.[32]
الربو[33][34]
عدوى الرئة[35][36][37][38]
التعرض لحالات شديدة من الإصابة بمرض التهاب الشعب الهوائية وحدوث نتائج أسوأ[39]
زيادة احتمالية الإصابة بمرض السل في حالة التعرض لأحد العوامل الناقلة للمرض.[40]
الإصابة بأمراض الحساسية
داء كرون[41]
التعرض لصعوبات التعلم وتأخر النمو والتأثيرات السلوكية العصبية.[42][43] تشير التجارب التي أجريت على حيوانات الاختبار إلى دور النيكوتين وأول أكسيد الكربون في المشكلات العصبية المعرفية.[38]
تزايد معدلات تسوس الأسنان (وكذلك المؤشرات الحيوية اللعابية المرتبطة بها) والتي اقترنت بزيادة معدلات التدخين السلبي لدى الأطفال.[44]
زيادة خطر التعرض للإصابة بعدوى الأذن الوسطى.[45][46]
زيادة كلية في خطر التعرض للموت لكل من البالغين والأطفال، حيث تشير التقديرات إلى أن التدخين السلبي يتسبب في وفاة 53,000 شخص من غير المدخنين سنويًا ـ مما يجعله السبب الرئيسي الثالث من أسباب الموت الممكن اتقاؤه في الولايات المتحدة[47][48] وبين الأطفال.[49]
الآليات السببية[عدل]

في عام 2004، أفادت إحدى الدراسات التي أجرتها الوكالة الدولية لأبحاث السرطان التي تعد جزءًا من منظمة الصحة العالمية أن غير المدخنين يعرضون للمواد المسرطنة تمامًا مثل المدخنين بشراهة. يحتوي الدخان الثانوي الناجم عن التدخين على أكثر من 4,000 مادة كيميائية، بما في ذلك المواد المسرطنة المعروفة والتي يبلغ عددها 69 مادة. ومن أكثر هذه المواد خطورة الهيدروكربونات العطرية متعددة الحلقات، ومركبات النِتْروزامين الموجودة في أنواع معينة من منتجات التبغ والأمينات العطرية مثل رباعي-أمينوبايوفينيل، والتي تعرف جميعها بأنها مواد مسرطنة للغاية. يحتوى تيار الدخان الرئيسي الناجم عن التدخين، إضافة إلى تيار الدخان الثانوي، والدخان غير المباشر على المكونات نفسها تقريبًا، إلا أن تركيز تلك العناصر يختلف باختلاف نوع الدخان.[4] وقد أثبتت الأبحاث التي قامت بها شركات التبغ نفسها أن أكثر من مادة مسرطنة من المواد المسرطنة المعروفة تتواجد في التركيزات المرتفعة من الدخان الثانوي بصورة أكثر من تواجدها في الدخان الرئيسي.
ثبت أن الانبعاثات الملوثة الدقيقة الصادرة عن دخان التبغ البيئي تفوق مثيلاتها الصادرة عن محرك ديزل منخفض الانبعاثات إذا تم تشغيله في وضع الثبات. ففي تجربة أجراها المعهد الوطني الإيطالي للسرطان، تُركت ثلاث سجائر تحترق وتدخن من غير لهب، واحدة تلو الأخرى، في جراج سيارات سعته 60 متر مكعب وليس به منافذ تهوية جيدة. أصدرت السجائر انبعاثات دقيقة ملوثة تخطت حدود الجراج، وكذلك تركيزات مواد دقيقة تصل إلى 10 أضعاف الانبعاثات التي يصدرها محرك يعمل في وضع الثبات.[50]
يؤدي التعرض للدخان الصادر عن التبغ إلى آثار فورية وهائلة على الدم والأوعية الدموية على نحو يزيد من احتمالية الإصابة بأزمات قلبية، وبخاصة في الحالات المعرضة بالفعل لخطر الإصابة.[51] يؤدي التعرض لدخان التبغ لمدة 30 دقيقة إلى التقليل بشكل هائل من سرعة تدفق الدم عبر الشرايين التاجية لدى غير المدخنين الذين لا يعانون من أية مشك

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 1:

Long-term effects [edit]
proved many of the scientific evidence that second-hand tobacco smoke leads to many diseases just like direct smoking, including heart disease and circulatory system, lung cancer and respiratory diseases.[2] [3] [4] These diseases include:

cancer in general:Increased risk of infection in general; [7] Fbastarad the evidence accumulated at the global level, concluded the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2004 that "involuntary smoking (exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke or tobacco smoke 'environmental') leads toHuman cancer."[4]
lung cancer: the coupling of passive smoking with lung cancer the subject of intense study.Proved a series of studies - conducted in the United States for the period of 1986-2003, [8] [9] [10] [11] In the United Kingdom in 1998, [12] [13] In Australia in 1997 [14], In addition to many of the studies at the international level in 2004 [15] - irrefutable evidenceRelative risk dramatically between those who are exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke.[16]
breast cancer:Concluded and the California Environmental Protection Agency in 2005 that passive smoking increases the likelihood of exposure to the risk of breast cancer in the first place among younger women in pre-menopause by 70% [3], the Association announcedPublic officials in the United States that the evidence apparently acceptable, but it is still not enough to confirm this causal relationship.[2] On the other hand, announced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2004 for lack of "supporting the existence of a causal relationship between involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke and breast cancer, which affects non-smokers." [4]
renal cell carcinoma:One recent study shows the increasing likelihood of exposure to the risk of renal cell cancer among non-smokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke in both the home and the workplace. [17]
Does not seem to passive smoking has to do with the incidence of pancreatic cancer. [18]
brain tumors:Increasing the likelihood of exposure to risk of brain tumors dramatically among children who are exposed to high levels of secondhand smoke, even if the mother does not smoke, [19] so dangerous is not limited to parents' exposure to smoke during pregnancy.
Diseases of ear, nose and throat: the possibility of exposure to infection permission. [20]
diseases of the circulatory system: the likelihood of exposure to heart disease, [21] and low heart rate changing, high heart rate. [22]
Studies have shown relating to the knowledge of the spread of diseases and epidemics that both passive and active smoking increases the risk of injury atherosclerosis. [23]
lung diseases:
risk of asthma disease. [24]
cognitive impairment and dementia:May result in exposure to second-hand smoke to increased risk of injury impaired cognition and dementia in adults from a class of 50 years or more. [25]
pregnancy and disease problems related to it:
lack of birth weight [3], part (b), Chapter III.] 26]
The birth of premature birth [3], part (b), Chapter III (note that the evidence for a causal relationship is described as "unacceptable ostensibly" announced Association of Surgeons of public officials in the United States in its 2006 report. [27])
risks General
Aggravation of asthma, allergies, and other conditions. [28]
risks to children: [29]
syndrome of sudden death in infants. [30] [31] In his 2006 report, concludes Association of Surgeons of public officials in the United States to:"The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to second-hand smoke and sudden death in children Alrdja. [32]
asthma [33] [34]
infection of the lung [35] [36] [37] [38]
Exposure to severe cases of the disease, bronchitis and a worse outcomes [39]
increase the likelihood of tuberculosis in the case of exposure to one of the vectors of the disease. [40]
allergic diseases Crohn's disease
[41]
Exposure to learning disabilities and developmental delays and neurobehavioral effects. [42] [43] suggest experiments conducted on animals to test the role of nicotine and carbon monoxide in the cognitive neurological problems. [38]
Increasing rates of tooth decay (as well as salivary biomarkers associated with them) and coupled with increasing rates of passive smoking in children. [44]
increased risk of middle ear infection. [45] [46]
An overall increase in the risk of death for both adults and children, where it is estimated that passive smoking kills 53,000 people of non-smokers each year, making it the third leading cause of possible preventable cause of death in the United States [47] [48] and among children. [49]
causal mechanisms [edit]

In 2004, according to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO) that non-smokers offer to carcinogens just like heavy smokers.Secondary smoke contains caused by smoking more than 4,000 chemicals, including known carcinogens and numbering 69 items.It is the most dangerous of these materials polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated nitrosamines found in certain types of tobacco products and aromatic amines such as quad - Aminobaioffinel, all of which are known as highly carcinogenic substances.Contains the main stream of smoke caused by smoking, in addition to the secondary stream smoke, smoke indirect components almost the same, except that the concentration of these elements varies depending on the type of smoke.[4] have proven to research carried out by the tobacco companies themselves that more than a carcinogen known carcinogens found in high concentrations of secondary smoke more than their presence in the main smoke.
Proved that the exact pollutant emissions from environmental tobacco smoke than those from low-emission diesel engine if it was run in a stable position.In the experiment conducted by the Italian National Institute of Cancer, left three cigarette burns and smoke from the flame, one after the other, in the car park with a capacity of 60 cubic meters and does not have good ventilation outlets.Cigarettes issued minutes contaminated emissions exceeded the limits of the garage, as well as material minute concentrations up to 10 times the emissions produced by the engine works in a stable position. [50]
Exposure to tobacco smoke issued to immediate and dramatic effects on blood and blood vessels in a manner increases the likelihood of heart attack, especially in cases that are already vulnerable to the risk of injury.[51] Exposure to tobacco smoke for 30 minutes to reduce dramatically the speed of blood flow through the coronary arteries in non-smokers who do not suffer from any Mchk

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 2:

Long term effects [edit]
demonstrated many of the scientific evidence that second-hand smoke causes several diseases as direct smoking, including heart disease and circulatory lung cancer and respiratory diseases.[2][3][4] These include:

cancer in General: Increased risk of infection in General [7] in reviewing the evidence accumulated on the global level, the International Agency for research on cancer in 2004 that "involuntary smoking (exposure to second-hand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke ', ') Human cancer."[4]
lung cancer: passive smoking is associated with lung cancer being studied intensively. Proven series of studies-conducted in the United States from 1986-2003, [8] [9] [10] [11] and in the United Kingdom in 1998, [12] [13] and in Australia in 1997 [14], in addition to many international studies in 2004 [15]-hard evidence Relative risk tremendously among those subject to passive tobacco smoke.[16]
breast cancer: The environmental protection agency concluded in California in 2005 that passive smoking increases the likelihood of exposure to the risk of breast cancer in the first place among younger women in pre menopause by 70% [3], Association Public officials in the United States that the evidence is admissible, but remains insufficient to confirm these causal relationship.[2] in contrast, the International Agency for research on cancer in 2004 about the lack of "support a causal relationship between involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke and breast cancer which affects non-smokers."[4]
renal cell carcinoma: One recent study shows increased risk of exposure to the risk of renal cell cancer among non-smokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke in the home and workplace.[17]
Passive smoking does not appear to be linked to pancreatic cancer disease.[18]
brain tumors: Increasing the probability of exposure to the risk of brain tumors dramatically among children who are exposed to high levels of secondhand smoke, even if the mother does not smoke, [19] that is not only dangerous to expose parents to smoke in pregnancy.
Diseases of the ear, nose and throat: the probability of exposure to infection.[20]
diseases of the circulatory system: the probability of exposure to heart disease, [21] and low heart rate changing, high heart rate.[22]
Studies on the science of diseases and epidemics, both passive and active smoking increases the risk of atherosclerosis.[23]
lung diseases:
risk exposure to asthma.[24]
cognitive impairment and dementia: May result in exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in adults 50 and over.[25]
pregnancy and disease related issues:
lack birth weight [3], part (b) of chapter III.[26]
The birth of premature birth [3], part (b) of chapter III (note that evidence of a causal relationship is described as "acceptable face", the Surgeon General in the United States in his 2006. [27]) a general risk

Exacerbation of asthma, allergies and other medical conditions.[28]
risks to children: [29]
sudden death syndrome in infants.[30][31] in its 2006 report, concludes Surgeon General in the United States: "The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke and sudden death in children shows.[32]
asthma [33] [34]
lung infection [35] [36] [37] [38]
Exposure to severe disease bronchitis worse results [39]
increase the likelihood of tuberculosis if exposed to one of the vectors.[40]

allergy disease Crohn [41]
Exposure to learning disabilities and developmental delays and neurobehavioral effects.[42][43] indicate tests conducted on experimental animals the role of nicotine and carbon monoxide on neural cognitive problems.[38]
Increasing rates of tooth decay (as well as related salivary biomarkers) coupled with increased levels of passive smoking in children.[44]
increased risk of middle ear infections.[45][46]
Increase in the risk of death for both adults and children, where the estimated that passive smoking causes the deaths of 53,People from non-smokers a year, making it the third leading cause of death in the United States could be prophylaxis [47] [48] and among children.[49]
the causal mechanisms [edit]

In 2004, according to a study conducted by the International Agency for research on cancer, part of the World Health Organization that non-smokers exposed to carcinogens as smokers greedily. Contains the secondary smoke caused by smoking more than 4,000 chemicals, including known carcinogens and that 69 articles. Most of these materials dangerous multiple loops, aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated alntrozamine in certain kinds of tobacco products and aromatic amines such as quad-aminobiovinil, and all known carcinogens. Stream contains main tobacco smoke, adding to a stream of secondary smoke, smoke on almost the same ingredients, but their concentration varies according to the type of smoke.[4] research has shown that the tobacco companies more than a carcinogen known carcinogens are found in high concentrations of secondhand smoke more of presence in smoke.
Proven accurate pollutant emissions from environmental tobacco smoke than from low emission diesel engine has been run in. In the experiment conducted by the National Institute of cancer, left three cigarettes burn and smoke without flame, one by one, in the car park has a capacity of 60 cubic metres and has good ventilation ports. Accurate emissions contaminated cigarettes issued exceeded the limits of the garage, as well as accurate material concentrations up to 10 times the emissions produced by the engine.[50]
Exposure to tobacco smoke to the immense and immediate effects on the blood and blood vessels, increases the likelihood of heart attacks, especially in the cases already prone to infection.[51] exposure to tobacco smoke for 30 minutes to reduce dramatically the speed of blood flow through the coronary arteries among non-smokers who do not suffer from any formed

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 3:

Long-term effects of the [amended]
proved many of the scientific evidence that tobacco smoke non-direct leads to many diseases such as direct smoking, including heart diseases and cancer, lung diseases of the respiratory system.[ 2] [ 3] [ 4] These include diseases:
cancer
in general:increase the risk of infection in general; [ 7] Looking back over accumulated evidence at the global level, the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2004 to "Smoking involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke (non-direct or 'environmental tobacco smoke') lead toHuman cancer." [ 4]
Lung Cancer: The pair Negative Smoking Lung Cancer subject of intensive study.proved a series of studies conducted in the United States in the period of 1986-2003, [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] in the United Kingdom in 1998, [ 12] [ 13] in Australia in 1997 [ 14], in addition to many of the studies at the international level in 2004 [ 15] - conclusive evidencecomparative risk dramatically between the negative exposed to tobacco smoke.[ 16]
Breast Cancer:The Environmental Protection Agency in California in 2005 to the passive smoking increases the risk of breast cancer risk in the first place among younger women in pre-menopause 70 % [ 3], the Association for thePublic officials in the United States that the Guide ostensibly acceptable, but he is still not sufficient to confirm the causal relationship.[ 2] On the other hand, the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2004 on the lack of "what supports a causal relationship between involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke and breast cancer non-smoking. " [ 4]
cancer cells renal syndrome:One recent study shows increasing the likelihood of risk of cancer cells renal syndrome among non-smokers who are exposed to passive smoking in each of the home and the workplace. [ 17]
That does not seem to be passive smoking linked to infection with Pancreatic Cancer. [ 18]
brain tumors:increasing the likelihood of risk of brain tumors dramatically among children who are exposed to high rates of passive smoking, even if the mother is not to smoke, 19 ] therefore not only dangerous to the parents smoke in pregnancy.
Diseases of the nose and the Ear and Throat: possibility permission to infection. [ 20]
circulatory diseases: potential exposure to heart diseases, [ 21] and low heart rate, changing heart rate rise. [ 22]
The studies on the knowledge of the spread of diseases and epidemics that both the positive and negative smoking increases the risk of exposure to develop arteriosclerosis arteriosclerosis. [ 23]
lung diseases:
risk of exposure to asthma. [ 24]
weak awareness of dementia:may result in non-direct exposure to tobacco smoke to increase the risk of exposure to low awareness of dementia in adults of 50 years or more. [ 25]
pregnancy and diseases related problems by:
weight born[ 3], part (b), Chapter III. [ 26]
Birth of early birth[ 3], part (b), Chapter III (note that the evidence of a causal relationship is described as "unacceptable" apparently according to the declaration of the Association of surgeons public officials in the United States in his report 2006. [ 27] (
risks General
exacerbate asthma, allergy, and other cases of disease. [ 28]
risks to children: [ 29]
acquired sudden death of babies. [ 30] [ 31] in his report for 2006, concludes Surgeons Society public officials in the United States to:"The evidence is sufficient to conclude a causal link between exposure to tobacco smoke indirect sudden death when children feedback. [ 32]
asthma[ 33]34 [
lung infection[ 35] [ 36] [ 37] [ 38]
Situations of severe disease from bronchitis and the results of the worst]39 [
increase the possibility of tuberculosis in the event of one of the factors of the tanker disease. [ 40]
allergy
performance Crown]41 [
Exposure to learning difficulties and delays in the growth nervous behavioral influences. [ 42] [ 43] Recalling tests on animals to test the role of nicotine and carbon monoxide in nervous problems knowledge. [ 38]
The increasing rates of tooth decay (as well as vital indicators associated saliva swabs for) which have been associated with increased rates of passive smoking in Children. [ 44]
increased risk of exposure to infected middle ear. [ 45] [ 46]
Total increase in the risk of death for both adult and children, where it is estimated that the Passive Smoking causes the death of 53.000 people from the non-smoking rooms annually, making it the third main causes of death in the United States could be alerting]47 [ 48] and children. [ 49]
causal mechanisms[amended]

In 2004, it was one of the studies conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, the non-smoking rooms offer fully carcinogenic substances such as heavy smokers.A secondary smoke caused by smoking on more than 4,000 chemicals, including the materials known carcinogenic, which has 69 articles.It is more than that of the seriousness of the hydrocarbon Polycyclic aromatic, and vehicles النتروزامين in certain types of tobacco products such as aromatic والامينات quad-امينوبايوفينيل, known as are all very of carcinogenic.The current main smoke resulting from smoking, in addition to the current secondary smoke, smoke and non-direct components of nearly the same, but the focus of those elements vary depending on the type of smoke.[ 4] The research proved that the tobacco companies that more than cancerous material of carcinogenic substances known as exist in high concentrations of secondary smoke more of its presence in main smoke.
It was proved that the pollutant emissions per minute of environmental tobacco smoke than their counterparts of the diesel engine emissions low if run in the flat.In the experience of the Italian National Institute of Cancer, left three burning cigarette smoking cigarettes from non-flames, one after the other, in the car park with a capacity of 60 cubic meters, not good ventilation ports.Cigarette issued emissions limits minutes contaminated garage, as well as concentrations of materials minutes up to 10 times the emissions produced by motor in the flat. [ 50]
exposure to tobacco smoke on the immediate and dramatic effects on blood, blood vessels to increase the likelihood of heart attacks, particularly in the cases already exposed at risk of infection.[ 51] lead exposure to tobacco smoke for 30 minutes to reduce dramatically the speed of blood flow through the coronary arteries to non-smokers who do not suffer from any problems