ɪˈ acquired in infancy or later in

ɪˈ acquired in infancy or later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision.[2] Due to the involuntary movement of the eye, it is often called "dancing eyes".[3][a]
When the head rotates about any axis, distant visual images are sustained by rotating eyes in the opposite direction on the respective axis.[4] The semicircular canals in the vestibule sense angular momentum. These send signals to the nuclei for eye movement in the brain. From here, a signal is relayed to the extraocular muscles to allow one’s gaze to fixate on one object as the head moves. Nystagmus occurs when the semicircular canals are being stimulated while the head is not in motion. The direction of ocular movement is related to the semicircular canal that is being stimulated.[5]
There are two key forms of nystagmus: pathological and physiological, with variations within each type. Nystagmus may be caused by congenital disorders,acquired or central nervous system disorders, toxicity, pharmaceutical drugs,alcohol, or rotational movement. Previously considered untreatable, in recent years several pharmaceutical drugs have been identified for treatment of nystagmus. Nystagmus is occasionally associated with vertigo.
Diagnosis[edit]
Nystagmus is very noticeable but rarely recognized. Nystagmus can be clinically investigated by using a number of non-invasivestandard tests. The simplest one is the caloric reflex test, in which one external auditory meatus is irrigated with warm or cold water or air. The temperature gradient provokes the stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canal and the consequent nystagmus.
The resulting movement of the eyes may be recorded and quantified by special devices called electronystagmograph (ENG), a form of electrooculography (an electrical method of measuring eye movements using external electrodes),[6] or even less invasive devices called videonystagmograph (VNG),[7] a form of video-oculography (VOG) (a video-based method of measuring eye movements using external small cameras built into head masks) by an audiologist. Special swinging chairs with electrical controls can be used to induce rotatory nystagmus.[8]
Over the past forty years objective eye movement recording techniques have been applied to the study of nystagmus, and the results have led to a greater accuracy and understanding of the condition.
Orthoptists may also use an optokinetic drum, or electrooculography to assess their eye movements.
Nystagmus can be caused by subsequent foveation of moving objects, pathology, sustained rotation or substance use. Nystagmus is not to be confused with other superficially similar-appearing disorders of eye movements (saccadic oscillations) such as opsoclonus or ocular flutter that are composed purely of fast-phase (saccadic) eye movements, while nystagmus is characterised by the combination of a smooth pursuit, which usually acts to take the eye off the point of regard, interspersed with the saccadic movement that serves to bring the eye back on target. Without the use of objective recording techniques, it may be very difficult to distinguish between these conditions.
In medicine, the presence of nystagmus can be benign, or it can indicate an underlying visual or neurological problem.[9]
Physiological nystagmus[edit]
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النتائج (الإنجليزية) 1:

ɪˈ acquired in infancy or later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision.[2] Due to the involuntary movement of the eye, it is often called "dancing eyes".[3][a]
When the head rotates about any axis, distant visual images are sustained by rotating eyes in the opposite direction on the respective axis.[4] The semicircular canals in the vestibule sense angular momentum. These send signals to the nuclei for eye movement in the brain. From here, a signal is relayed to the extraocular muscles to allow one's gaze to fixate on one object as the head moves. Nystagmus occurs when the semicircular canals are being stimulated while the head is not in motion. The direction of ocular movement is related to the semicircular canal that is being stimulated.[5]
There are two key forms of nystagmus: pathological and physiological, with variations within each type. Nystagmus may be caused by congenital disorders,acquired or central nervous system disorders, toxicity, pharmaceutical drugs,alcohol, or rotational movement. Previously considered untreatable, in recent years several pharmaceutical drugs have been identified for treatment of nystagmus. Nystagmus is occasionally associated with vertigo.
Diagnosis[edit]
Nystagmus is very noticeable but rarely recognized. Nystagmus can be clinically investigated by using a number of non-invasivestandard tests. The simplest one is the caloric reflex test, in which one external auditory meatus is irrigated with warm or cold water or air. The temperature gradient provokes the stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canal and the consequent nystagmus.
The resulting movement of the eyes may be recorded and quantified by special devices called electronystagmograph (ENG), a form of electrooculography (an electrical method of measuring eye movements using external electrodes),[6] or even less invasive devices called videonystagmograph (VNG),[7] a form of video-oculography (VOG) (a video-based method of measuring eye movements using external small cameras built into head masks) by an audiologist. Special swinging chairs with electrical controls can be used to induce rotatory nystagmus.[8]
Over the past forty years objective eye movement recording techniques have been applied to the study of nystagmus, and the results have led to a greater accuracy and understanding of the condition.
Orthoptists may also use an optokinetic drum, or electrooculography to assess their eye movements.
Nystagmus can be caused by subsequent foveation of moving objects, pathology, sustained rotation or substance use. Nystagmus is not to be confused with other superficially similar-appearing disorders of eye movements (saccadic oscillations) such as opsoclonus or ocular flutter that are composed purely of fast-phase (saccadic) eye movements, while nystagmus is characterised by the combination of a smooth pursuit, which usually acts to take the eye off the point of regard, interspersed with the saccadic movement that serves to bring the eye back on target. Without the use of objective recording techniques, it may be very difficult to distinguish between these conditions.
In medicine, the presence of nystagmus can be benign, or it can indicate an underlying visual or neurological problem.[9]
Physiological nystagmus [edit]
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النتائج (الإنجليزية) 2:

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when the head rotates about any axis, distant visual images are sustained by rotating being remade in the opposite direction on the respective axis. [ 4] The semicircular in charge in the vestibule sense angular momentum.These send signals to the nuclei for eye movement in the brain. From here, a signal is relayed to the extraocular muscles to allow one's gaze to fixate on one object as the head moves. The semicircular nystagmus retrieved by the addressee in charge are being stimulated while the head is not in motion. The direction of ocular movement is related to the semicircular canal that is being stimulated. [ 5]
there are two key forms of nystagmus: pathological and physiological, with variations within each type. nystagmus may be caused by congenital disorders, acquired or central nervous system disorders, toxicity, pharmaceutical drugs, alcohol, or rotational movement. previously considered untreatable, in recent years last two points give rise pharmaceutical drugs have been identified for treatment of nystagmus.nystagmus is occasionally UNTV with Vertigo.
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The resulting movement of the being remade may be recorded and quantified by special devices called electronystagmograph (ENG), a form of electrooculography (an electrical theChange of entitled Measuring eye movements using external electrodes),[ 6] or even less invasive devices called videonystagmograph (vng), [ 7] a form of video-oculography (vog) (A video-based theChange of entitled Measuring eye movements using external small cameras built into head masks) by an audiologist. Special swinging chairs with electrical controls can be used to induce rotatory nystagmus. [ 8]
Over the past forty years objective eye movement recording imparting have been applied to the study of nystagmus, and the results have led to a greater accuracy and understanding of the condition.
orthoptists may also use an optokinetic drum, or electrooculography to assess their eye movements.
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in medicine, the presence of nystagmus can be benign, or it can indicate an underlying visual or neurological problem. [ 9]
physiological nystagmus[Edit]
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